Impact Of Drug Abuse

Lately there has been a misuse of drugs. many drugs on the market, such as marijuana, methamphetamine, ecstasy, and koplo pills. drug abuse is very dangerous type of drug because it can affect the nervous system, resulting in addiction and dependency, because it affects the nervous system. drugs lead to changes in behavior, feeling, perception, and awareness. 

drug use in general and psychotropic substances that are not in accordance with the rules can cause effects that harm the body. 

based on the effects of drug abuse can be divided into three, namely : 

1. Depressants, which suppress the central nervous system systems and reduce the activity of the bodys functional so that users feel calm, even sleep and can make the user unconscious. if overdose can result in death. Type of depressant drugs such as opioda, and various derivatives such as morphine and heroin. popular examples now is heroin.

2. Stimulant, stimulates body functions and increase enthusiasm and awareness. Type stimulants : caffeine, cocaine, amphetamines. now often used example is shabu - shabu and ecstasy. 

3. Hallucinogens, its main effect is to change the perception or cause hallucinations. hallucinogenic mostly derived from plants such as mescaline from cactus and psilocybin from mushrooms. in addition there jugayang mixed in the laboratory such as lsd. the most widely used is marijuana or cannabis. 

The impact of drug abuse 

when the drug is used continuously or exceed predetermined dose would lead to dependence. addiction is what will lead to physical and psychological disorders, because of damage to the central nervous system ( cns ) and organs such as the heart, lungs, liver and kidneys. 

the impact of drug abuse on a person depends on the type of drugs used, the user s personality and situation or user conditions. in general, the impact of drug addiction can be seen in the physical, psychological and social one. 

1 ) the impact of drug abuse on physical 

disorders of the nervous system ( neurological ) such as convulsions, hallucinations, disturbances of consciousness, neurological damage edge 

disorders of the heart and blood vessels ( cardiovascular ) such as : acute infection of heart muscle, circulatory disorders 

skin disorders ( dermatologist ) such as : detention ( abscess ), allergies, eczema 

disorders of the lung ( pulmonary ) such as : suppression of respiratory function, breathing difficulties, hardening of the lung tissue 

frequent headaches, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea - diarrhea, increased body temperature, heart and sleeplessness downsizing 

the impact of drug abuse on reproductive health are padaendokrin disorders, such as : decreased function of reproductive hormones ( estrogen, progesterone, testosterone ), and sexual dysfunction 

the impact of drug abuse on adolescent reproductive health of women, among others, changes in menstrual periods, menstrual irregularities, and amenorhoe ( not menstruating ) 

for drug users through needle, especially the use of hypodermic needles in turn, is a risk of contracting diseases such as hepatitis b, c, and hiv, which until now there is no cure 

drug abuse can be fatal when it occurs over dose of drug consumption exceeds the bodys ability to receive it. over dosage may cause death 

2 ) the psychological impact of drug abuse 

slow work, sloppy work, often tense and restless 

lost self-confidence, apathy, dreamer, full of suspicion 

provocative, became violent and brutal behavior 

difficulty concentrating, feeling upset and depressed 

tend to hurt themselves, not feeling safe, even suicide 

3 ) the impact of drug abuse on the social environment 

mental disorder, anti - social and immoral, ostracized by the neighborhood 

troublesome and family burden 

education to be disrupted, the future bleak

The impact of physical, psychological and social related. physical dependence will result in tremendous pain ( withdrawal ) in case of drug withdrawal ( not taking medication at the time ) and psychological support in the form of a very strong desire to consume ( sugest jock language ). physical and psychological gejata is also related to social phenomena such as the urge to lie to parents, stealing, hot-tempered, manipulative, etc. . 

so a few things that we can know how the impact of drug abuse on us, then stay away from drugs ! ! !

Rehabilitation Of Drug Addicts

Entitled narcotic addicts rehabilitation 

they are proven to be addicts narcotics, are obliged to undergo medical and social rehabilitation process. 

BNN (Badan Narkotika Nasional) secretary bambang statement abhimanyu on victim outreach activities carried out in the hall narcotics prison class iia kediri, east java, on 26 april 2010. 

this effort is an implementation of the provisions of law no. 35 year 2009 on narcotics, especially chapters 54, 55, 103, and 127. this law is more humane to the victims of abuse of narcotics, but tough on the dealers, importers and manufacturers of narcotics. in addition to the addicts who are old enough and the parent / guardian of the addicts who are not old enough, is obliged to report to the clinic, hospital or medical and social rehabilitation institutions designated by the government, to get recovery or rehabilitation. 

obligations for the rehabilitation of addicts narcotics later reaffirmed by the government to the supreme court issued a circular letter ( sema ) no. 4 of 2010. in the sema explained that a narcotics addict who was caught by police investigators or investigators bnn and not shown to be involved in illicit narcotics, the judge can impose criminal penalties for medical rehabilitation and social rehabilitation at a predetermined place. 

obligation to undergo rehabilitation for abusers of narcotics for the purpose of reducing the number of consumers or narcotics market share in indonesia, so that hopefully will be a balance between supply and demand factors. policies and strategies undertaken to reduce the demand for narcotics bnn is doing rehabilitation to all addicts, increase community immunity, as well as increased efforts towards community empowerment. as a strategy to reduce the amount of available narcotics through eradication efforts or enforcement against narcotics syndicate. 

besides these provisions are generally issued as policy in indonesia is still adhered to the system of public security and public health have not been on stage. that is, the efforts made in indonesia is still dominant on the field of combating abuse of narcotics, or have not been focusing on efforts to rehabilitate addicts from medical and social aspects. 

policy to rehabilitate addicts narcotics an urgant need and need to be done immediately. this is to reduce or consumer market in the indonesian narcotics, narcotics cases given developments in indonesia from year to year shows an increasing trend. if in 2005, 16 252 cases occurred narcotics suspect the number 22 780 people, then in 2009 the number jumped to 30 668 suspected cases with as many as 38070 people. in addition, when viewed from the available data, 86% of drug abusers, are of childbearing age who need mental coaching and medical care. the above conditions also have implications for the ability or the capacity of prison inmates. 

to accommodate the implementation of the above provisions, the current rehab bnn has called campus unitra. unitra campus with a capacity of 500 residents, located in the territory of wates jaya, cigombong, lido - bogor. resident recovery method used is therapeutic community ( community -based therapy ), medical, social, religious, acupuncture, and hypnotherapy. generally, a new patient will go through the process of detoxification or cleansing toxins from the body. after the patients entry into the program, to further follow the primary program. finally, the patient will follow the after-care program. in this stage the patient can return to parents or family while still undergoing the process of consultation or outpatient. the time it takes for a patient to undergo a rehabilitation process generally ranged between 8 months to 1 year. 

to further reach out to addicts who want to get rehabilitation, bnn also implement proactive system , through outreach and mentoring task force. the task force provides free transportation service from the origin to rehab. during the year 2009, has managed to reach 249 patients from 22 provinces in indonesia. 

until now, data narcotics addicts who get the court to undergo rehabilitation verdict is as follows : in jakarta there are seven addicts, addicts kendari as one person, and at upt therapy & rehabilitation bnn also one addict. ( ka ) 

 petition terms rehabilitation 

petition terms rehabilitation : 

1. stamped application letter to bnn provides inter alia : 

a. identity of the applicant / accused 

b. applicant relationships and suspect 

c. chronology and main problems description arrest suspect 

2. suspect photograph 4 x 6 ( 1 sheet ) 

3. froto copy of marriage certificate if applicant is the husband / wife suspects 

4. copy of proceedings license if the applicant is the attorney / lawyer suspects and letters from family 

5. certificate of school / college / institution, if the suspect is student / student 

6. letter from the workplace, if a defendant as a worker / employee 

7. photocopy of the arrest warrant and arrest warrant 

description of place rehgabilitasi 8. surat, if the person concerned had or currently rehabilitation process 

9. letter of recommendation from an investigator, public prosecutor or judge to be rehabilitated / assessment 

10. rehabilitation photocopy of application letter to investigators, public prosecutor or judge statement 

11.  letters stamped 12. 

12. looked original arrest and detention id card copy 

13. Photos parents / guardians, and suspect lawyers / attorneys 

14. photocopy of family card 

15. fotocopi permission of lawyers

Dangers Of Smoking

Dangers of smoking - smoking hazards and health effects of smoking are already included in cigarette packs sold in the market. there mentioned the dangers of smoking to health can cause cancer, heart attacks, impotence and disorders of pregnancy and the fetus. 


danger of cigarettes - danger of smoking 
however, despite the dangers of cigarette smoking and substance contained therein packs already mentioned, there are still many indonesian people who smoked active. not only indonesia, and even the world. 

actually, the war against cigarettes has been done by many people individually as well as institutional and organizational. not one eventually if on any date of may 31 or campaigning around the world celebrate world no tobacco day, or in indonesia we call it the smokeless cigarette. 

anti-smoking campaign 
keep in mind, that the world no tobacco day is a members of the world health organization-who. so, we can be sure the dangers of smoking is indeed true and not a joke. 

well, before we talk about the dangers of smoking, it helps us see the first reason why smoking is harmful to health is called. the point is, lets look at cigarettes harmful substances that cause health problems in each cigarette puff.

Knowledge About Cigarettes

A. Hazardous Substances In Cigarettes 

1. nicotine 
this substance containing opium could cause a person addicted to smoking cigarettes trus 
influence on the human body : 
lead to addiction / dependence 
damage the brain tissue 
cause rapid blood clot 
harden artery walls 

2. tar 
the manufacture of asphalt that can be attached to the lungs and can cause irritation and even cancer 

influence on the human body : 
kill cells in the bloodstream 
increase mucus production diparu - lung 
causes lung cancer 

3. carbon monoxide 
gas that can cause heart disease because it can bind oxygen gas in the body. 
influence on the human body : 
binds to hemoglobin, so the body is deprived of oxygen 
blocking transport in the blood 

4. carcinogenic substances 
influence on the human body : 
trigger the growth of cancer cells in the body 

5. irritant substances 
pollute the airways and air sacs in the lungs 
causing coughing 

foreign substances are hazardous substances that are contained in the smoke, and there are 4000 chemicals contained in cigarettes, 40 were classified as hazardous substances such as : hydrogen cyanide ( hcn ), arsenic, ammonia, polonium, and carbon monoxide ( co ). 

B. Dangers Of Smoking
1. heart disease 

the dangers of smoking for heart 
cigarettes cause atherosclerosis or hardening of the arteries occurs. this condition is the buildup of fatty substances in the arteries, fat and plaque block blood flow and make blood vessel constriction. it causes heart disease. 

the heart has to work harder and the extra pressure can cause angina or chest pain. if one or more arteries become completely blocked, a heart attack can occur. 

the more cigarettes smoked and the longer a person smokes, the greater the chance of developing heart disease or suffering a heart attack or stroke. 

2. pulmonary disease 
the risk of pneumonia, emphysema and chronic bronchitis increased by smoking. the disease is often referred to as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( copd ). 

lung disease may progress and get worse over time until the person eventually died from the condition. people aged 40 years could get emphysema or bronchitis, but the symptoms will usually * much worse in the future, according to the american cancer society. 

3. lung cancer and other cancers 
cancer has long been associated dg paru2 dangers of smoking, which can also lead to other cancers such as mouth, voice box or larynx, throat and esophagus. smoking is also linked to cancers of the kidney, bladder, stomach pancreas, cervix and blood cancer ( leukemia ). 

4. diabetes 
smoking increases the risk of diabetes, according to the cleveland clinic. smoking can also lead to complications of diabetes rise, such as eye disease, heart disease, stroke, vascular disease, kidney disease and foot problems. 

5. impotence 
smoking is a major risk factor for peripheral vascular disease, which narrows the blood vessels that carry blood throughout the body. blood vessels to p3nis also likely to be affected because it is small and that blood vessels can lead to erectile dysfunction / impotence. 

6. cause blindness 
one who smoke cause increased risk of macular degeneration that causes blindness experienced by older people. in the studies that were published in the archives of ophthalmology in 2007 found that people smoke are four times more likely than nonsmokers to develop macular degeneration, which damage the macula, the center of the retina, and destroys the sharp central vision. 

7. mouth disease 

mouth disease caused by smoking include cancers of the mouth, throat cancer, dental disease, diseases of the teeth and breath. 

8. fetal disorders 

smoking is bad for reproductive health and the fetus in the womb and pregnancy, including infertility ( infertility ), miscarriage, fetal death, low birth weight babies born, and sudden infant death syndrome. 

9. respiratory disorders 

dangers of smoking 
smoking increases the risk of death due to chronic lung disease up to ten times. approximately 90% of deaths due to chronic lung disease caused by smoking. 

as the nations youth are forced to be more active and play a role in the country, we can better understand and join the campaign no smoking campaign not only on the day may 31, but every day and every moment. 

mirisnya, current smoking was consumed by underage children and has become a must in the sense that they are addictive to cigarettes. they seemed relieved by a cigarette they smoked. 

if only you were one of those who actively smoke, try to quit smoking by doing the following manner. the important thing to do in quitting smoking is intention earnest. 

C. How to quit smoking 
 
1. sincere intention to quit smoking. 
2. learn to hate cigarettes 
3. mix with people who do not smoke 
4. often go to places that are air-conditioned office 
5. move all of the items associated with cigarettes. 
6. if you want to smoke, wait for another 10 minutes. 
7. tell your friends and people nearby if we want to stop smoking. 
8. reduce jumplah smoking little by little. 
9. eliminate the habit bengong or wait. 
10. frequently go to the hospital, in order to know the importance of health. 
11. find a substitute for cigarettes, such as candy or sugar. 
12. try and try again if it still fails. 

hopefully the information about danger danger cigarette smoking or above could be giving out our enlightenment and better understanding of the impact of smoking.

Ovarium Cysts

Ovarium cysts are benign tumors such as abnormal pouches containing liquid or semi-liquid that grows in the ovary ( ovarian ). the ovaries are fluid-filled pouch-shaped cavity in the Ovarium tissue. the cyst is also called a functional cyst because it was formed after the egg is released during ovulation. functional cyst will shrink and shrink after some time ( after 1-3 months ). 

-ovariumcysts ovarium cysts are divided into four, namely : 

a. follicular cysts 

cysts that occur from normal follicle releases an ovum that is in it. formed fluid-filled sac in the ovary or mucus. 

b. corpus luteum cysts 

this type of cyst is less common, larger than a functional cyst. these cysts arise due to the release of the egg occurs when bleeding, and long may rupture and bleeding arise that sometimes need surgery to overcome. complaints usually arise severe pain in the pelvic cavity. 

c. lutein cysts puzzle 

this type of cyst is less common and is often associated with the occurrence of ectopic pregnancy ( ectopic pregnansi ). these cysts will go away without treatment or ectopic pregnancy acts as issued 

d. polycystic cysts 

this type of cyst containing clear fluid. can arise in both the left and right ovaries, associated with hormonal disorders and menstrual disorders. 

polycystic pregnant women can be seen, among others : 

- complained menstrual blood that came out a little ( oligomennorhea ) 
- do not exit the blood of menstruation ( amenorrhea ) 
- there is ovulating 
- infertility 
- acne

Ovarium Cysts And Pregnancy

Ovarium cysts can be a serious complication during pregnancy. cyst is a sac that grows in the womb. pregnancy with ovarium cysts are rarely encountered. in pregnancies with ovarium kistoma seems to happen struggles room, where the pregnancy continues to expand. 

ovarium-cyst-and-pregnancy oleh therefore, pregnancy cyst surgery to remove the cyst at the age of 16 weeks pregnant. establish a pregnancy danger along with ovarian cysts is possible that impaired fetal growth ultimately resulted abortion, death in the womb. 

on the position of the cyst dipelvis minor, delivery may be delayed and require completion with the caesarean section operation. on the position of ovarian cysts in the fundus area, delivery can take place normally, but dangers may occur postpartum cyst torsion, infection until the abscess. therefore, immediately after normal delivery if there is a known ovarian cyst laparotomy to remove the cyst. 

Ovarium cysts can grow on the ovaries that is where the most overgrown tumor. a cystic tumor, solid, small / large and influential on the mechanism of action of hormones. 

this types of tumor can be benign or malignant. Ovarium cysts can grow large and inhibit the growth of the fetus. as a result, there will be abortion / premature birth. in this case, if either the mothers condition, the doctor will maintain pregnancy by taking action checks and intensive care. 

generally, the delivery process is done with surgery. the doctor will lift the cyst after delivery is complete. conversely, if the condition of the mother and fetus bad, some doctors will not sustain a pregnancy to save the mothers condition.

Symptoms Of Ovarium Cysts

Ovarium cancer is largely shaped cystic tumors ( Ovarium cysts ) and a small portion in the form of solid tumors. most women with ovarian cancer does not cause symptoms in a long time. when the symptoms are generally highly variable and non-specific in the early stages can be menstrual disorders. if the tumor is pressing the rectum or bladder may occur constipation or frequent urination. can also occur pelvic region stretching or pressure that causes spontaneous pain or pain during intercourse. 

in later stages the symptoms that occur related to the presence of ascites ( accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity ) spread to the omentum ( belly fat ), and the organs in the abdominal cavity such other intestines and liver as belly bulge, bloating, nausea, appetite disturbance, impaired bowel and urination. fluid buildup can also occur in the chest cavity due to the spread of the disease into the chest cavity resulting in a very patient feel shortness of breath. 

since most of the ovarian cancer stems from a cyst, then if the woman is found to have an ovarian cyst transactions are carried out further tests to determine whether the cyst is benign or malignant ( Ovarium cancer ) awareness of a malignant cyst performed on the circumstances : 

a. rapidly enlarging cysts 
b. cysts in adolescence or after menopause 
c. cysts with thick walls and not sequentially 
d. cyst with solid parts 
e. tumors of the ovary 

when the cyst was found properties as mentioned above, further tests must be done to strengthen the suspicion toward such actions ovarium cancer with ultrasound doppler to determine blood flow and may even be required to support the diagnosis is the examination of tumor markers such as ca - 125 and ca 72-4, beta - hcg and alfafetoprotein. all of the above checks have not been able to confirm the diagnosis of ovarian cancer, but only as a handle to perform surgery. the surgical procedure in patients suspected ovarium cancer is very different from the regular ovarium cyst. 

the most important thing in surgery patients whose ovarium cancer is suspected as possible trying to get the cyst out in full, and then carried to the laboratory examination of anatomic pathology ( examination of frozen cut ). if the result of the examination of frozen beef is not a cancer, then surgery is completed. sealiknya when the results of frozen cut ovarium cancer is surgery followed by lifting the uterus, ovaries the other hand, appendix, omentum, perform a biopsy on a suspected cancer spreading in the abdominal cavity and perform retrieval of lymph nodes in the pelvis. this complex action called staging lapstotomy aimed to determine the stage of the disease so that a treatment plan can be determined later after surgery. 

in patients who do not have children or they want to have children can still be considered to not lift the uterus and the other ovary. there should also note that the accuracy of the results of the frozen pieces only ranged between 90-95%, so the diagnosis of Ovarium cancer was discovered after the definitive examination of anatomic pathology. this led in some patients with frozen cut results expressed not ovarium cancer, staging laparotomy surgery had to be done. 

most of the ovarian cysts cause no symptoms, or only a little pain is not dangerous. but unisex cysts that develop into large and cause sharp pain. ascertainment of the disease can not be seen from the symptoms alone because the symptoms may be similar to other conditions such as endometriosis, pelvic inflammation, ectopic pregnancy ( outside the womb ) or ovarium cancer. 

however, it is important to pay attention to any symptoms or changes in your body untu know which symptoms are serious. 

the following symptoms may appear if you have ovarian cysts : 

• stomach feels full, heavy, bloated 
• pressure on the rectum and the urinary content ( difficult urination ) 
• irregular menstruation 
• pelvic pain persistent or recurrent stage that can spread to the bottom and thighs 
• painful intercourse 
• nausea, vomiting want, or hardening of the breast looks like when pregnant 

the following symptoms provide clues needed medical treatment immediately : 

• abdominal pain is sharp and sudden 
• pain along with fever 
• sense of want to throw up

Prevention Of Ovarium Cysts

Ovarium cancer is a cause of death of all gynecological cancers. in the united states in 2001 estimated the number of patients with ovarian cancer were estimated as many as 23, 400 people died as 13, 900 people. this high mortality rate due to this disease is asymptomatic initially and if the complaint raises new metastases have occurred, so that 60% - 70% of patients present at an advanced stage, so that the disease is referred to as the silent killer . the incidence of this disease in indonesia is not yet known with certainty because the recording and reporting of the disease in our country is not good. as an illustration in the hospital. dharmais cancer was found about 30 patients each year. 

Ovarium cancer is mostly originated from ovarian cysts previously suffered later develop into Ovarium cancer because of delayed treatment done. Ovarium cancer is closely related to women who have low levels of fertility or intenfertilitas. epidemiologic study reveals some important risk factors as the cause of ovarian cancer is nullipara woman, gave birth to the first time at the age of 35tahun and women who have a family history of ovarian, breast or colon cancer. while women with a history of first pregnancy occurred at age 25tahun below, the use of oral contraceptives and ovarian cancer breastfeeding lowers seanyak 30% - 60%. environmental factors such as the use of talc, galactose consumption and sterilization did not have any impact on the development of this disease. 

no special prevention efforts that can be done to avoid this disease. efforts that can be done is to find the disease early so that treatment is done to give good results with minimize complications. attempts to do is to conduct periodic inspections that include : 

1. genekologik clinical examination to detect the presence of ovarian cysts or enlargement of the other 
2. ultrasound examination ( usg ) if necessary by means of doppler to detect blood flow 
3. examination of tumor markers ( tumor marker ) 
4. a ct- scan / mri if necessary 

the above inspection is highly recommended especially for women who have ovarium cancer risk will occur, namely : 

1. women who first menstruation earlier and menopause later 
2. women who never or difficult pregnancy 
3. women with a family history of ovarium cancer 
4. women with breast or colon cancer

What Is MotoGP ?

The motogp championship happens out to be the pinnacle category of world championship road racing that developed primarily in europe when the fim ( federation internationale de motocyclisme ) consolidated the regulations for motorcycle competition the very first time'>in 2011 for a first in 1949. in yesteryear, the pinnacle category was the 500cc category as out to the road race world championships, other then in 2002 the regulation was modified to form the motogp category during which 2-stroke machines of up to 500 cc and 4-stroke machines of up to 990 cc competed along. 

the regulation was modified once more in 2004 to limit the motogp category to 4-stroke machines no more than, and of course the displacement limit was reduced to 800 cc within the regulation direct from 2007 season. ever since that day, new regulations have conjointly compiled a only maker the sole supplier of tyres for motogp, restricted the quantity of tyres which will be accustomed by a team throughout race week and reduced the quantity of check days. in 2010, regulations modified to limit the quantity of engines a only rider could use throughout the season to six. 2011 was one last for your own 800cc machines, with regulations changing for 2012 to enable 1000cc bikes into the grid. 

this season will just be the second for your own crt groups ( claiming rule groups ). because we are part of a bid to cut back the price of entry into your premier category of racing, crt groups were introduced in 2011, benefiting direct from use of larger fuel allowances than factory and established satellite groups ( 24litres rather than 21 ) and allowed a larger variety of engines across the season ( eight rather than six ). crt groups at intervals the motogp category are conjointly entitled to purchase the engine given by a competitor crt bike to produce a fixed worth of 15, 000 euros. while crt chassis needs out to be prototype, the groups are entitled to utilise production-based engines. 

for your own 2013 season onwards manufacturers within the motogp category are restricted to 2 direct entries per manufacturer and will offer material to produce a maximum of 2 entries per manufacturer operated by freelance groups. this results in 2 factory and 2 satellite machines. 

with almost all these changes, motogp is firmly because we are part of a new era. each full factory and crt bikes feature a light-weight chassis of around 150kg, the machines achieve a maximum output of over 220 hp and reach speeds of over 340km/hr. the most recent electronic management technology is employed throughout. competitors compete for position in approximately a 40-minute race on paved circuit by having length of 4~5km, with laps capped to regarding a hundred and ten to 120 km. 

a more rule amendment for 2013 currently allows ‘rookie’ riders to return into your championship and ride directly to produce a factory team, don't having to ride to produce a 1st season by having satellite team. 

there'll conjointly be a fresh split qualifying procedure for 2013, along with the fastest riders from follow going into your pole shoot-out. the existing 3 45-minute follow sessions can stay, other then the very first half hour of qualifying can currently be extra follow and won't count for your own grid. qualifying itself can become 2 15-minute sessions generally known as qualifying follow 1 and qualifying follow 2. qp1 can commence 10 minutes when the tip as out to the new follow four, by having more 10-minute break before qp2. the 10 fastest riders within the combined times from practices one, 2 and 3 can go straight through to qp2. the remainder as out to the field can really need to get involved in qp1, from that the fastest 2 riders can qualify for qp2, along with the remainder forming the grid from 13th back. qp2 can then decide the highest 12 grid positions. 

italian riders, as well as valentino rossi and giacomo agostini, have the most beneficial all-time records, winning a total of 20 titles during this premier category. yamaha has got a total of 16 titles, as well as ten within the gp500 and 5 within the motogp. yamaha factory racing won the triple crown of rider, team and manufacturer’s title 3 years consecutively, 2008 – 2010 and of course the rider’s title once more in 2012.